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Using the Swap Magic PS2 to play your Playstation 2 Backup games is a quick, easy, 4 step process. These Swap Magic Instructions will explain. Jh8.png' alt='Swap Magic Cd Version' title='Swap Magic Cd Version' />Paging Wikipedia. This article is about computer memory paging. For other uses, see Page. In computeroperating systems, paging is a memory management scheme by which a computer stores and retrieves data from secondary storagea for use in main memory. In this scheme, the operating system retrieves data from secondary storage in same size blocks called pages. Playstation tour open to new members in Northern California. Swap Magic Cd Version' title='Swap Magic Cd Version' />Paging is an important part of virtual memory implementations in modern operating systems, using secondary storage to let programs exceed the size of available physical memory. For simplicity, main memory is called RAM an acronym of random access memory and secondary storage is called disk a shorthand for hard disk drive, but the concepts do not depend on whether these terms apply literally to a specific computer system. HistoryeditFerranti introduced paging on the Atlas, but the first mass market memory pages were concepts in computer architecture, regardless of whether a page moved between RAM and disk. For example, on the PDP 8, 7 of the instruction bits comprised a memory address that selected one of 1. This zone of memory was called a page. This use of the term is now rare. In the 1. 96. 0s, swapping was an early virtual memory technique. Swap Magic Cd Version' title='Swap Magic Cd Version' />An entire program would be swapped out or rolled out from RAM to disk, and another one would be swapped in or rolled in. A swapped out program would be current but its execution would be suspended while its RAM was in use by another program. A program might include multiple overlays that occupy the same memory at different times. Overlays are not a method of paging RAM to disk but merely of minimizing the programs use of RAM. Subsequent architectures used memory segmentation, and individual program segments became the units exchanged between disk and RAM. A segment was the programs entire code segment or data segment, or sometimes other large data structures. These segments had to be contiguous when resident in RAM, requiring additional computation and movement to remedy fragmentation. The invention of the page table let the processor operate on arbitrary pages anywhere in RAM as a seemingly contiguous logical address space. These pages became the units exchanged between disk and RAM. Page faultseditWhen a program tries to reference a page not currently present in RAM, the processor treats this invalid memory reference as a page fault and transfers control from the program to the operating system. The operating system must Determine the location of the data on disk. Obtain an empty page frame in RAM to use as a container for the data. Load the requested data into the available page frame. Update the page table to refer to the new page frame. Return control to the program, transparently retrying the instruction that caused the page fault. When all page frames are in use, the operating system must select a page frame to reuse for the page the program now needs. If the evicted page frame was dynamically allocated by a program to hold data, or if a program modified it since it was read into RAM in other words, if it has become dirty, it must be written out to disk before being freed. If a program later references the evicted page, another page fault occurs and the page must be read back into RAM. The method the operating system uses to select the page frame to reuse, which is its page replacement algorithm, is important to efficiency. The operating system predicts the page frame least likely to be needed soon, often through the least recently used LRU algorithm or an algorithm based on the programs working set. To further increase responsiveness, paging systems may predict which pages will be needed soon, preemptively loading them into RAM before a program references them. Page replacement techniqueseditDemand paging. When pure demand paging is used, pages are loaded only when they are referenced. A program begins execution with none of its pages in RAM. As the program commits page faults, the operating system copies the needed pages from the executable file into RAM. Pages of the executable file that are not executed during a particular run are never loaded into memory. Anticipatory paging. This technique, sometimes also called swap prefetch, predicts which pages will be referenced soon, to minimize future page faults. For example, after reading a page to service a page fault, the operating system may also read the next few pages even though they are not yet needed a prediction using locality of reference. If a program ends, the operating system may delay freeing its pages, in case the user runs the same program again. Free page queue, stealing, and reclamation. The free page queue is a list of page frames that are available for assignment. Preventing this queue from being empty minimizes the computing necessary to service a page fault. Some operating systems periodically look for pages that have not been recently referenced and perform page stealing, freeing the page frame and adding it to the free page queue. Some operating systemsb support page reclamation if a program commits a page fault by referencing a page that was stolen, the operating system detects this and restores the page frame without having to read the contents back into RAM. Pre cleaning. The operating system may periodically pre clean dirty pages write modified pages back to disk even though they might be further modified. This minimizes the amount of cleaning needed to obtain new page frames at the moment a new program starts or a new data file is opened, and improves responsiveness. Magic Dvd Ripper 5 Cracked Download. Unix operating systems periodically use sync to pre clean all dirty pages Windows operating systems use modified page writer threads. ThrashingeditAfter completing initialization, most programs operate on a small number of code and data pages compared to the total memory the program requires. The pages most frequently accessed are called the working set. When the working set is a small percentage of the systems total number of pages, virtual memory systems work most efficiently and an insignificant amount of computing is spent resolving page faults. As the working set grows, resolving page faults remains manageable until the growth reaches a critical point. Then faults go up dramatically and the time spent resolving them overwhelms time spent on the computing the program was written to do. This condition is referred to as thrashing. Thrashing occurs on a program that works with huge data structures, as its large working set causes continual page faults that drastically slow down the system. Satisfying page faults may require freeing pages that will soon have to be re read from disk. Thrashing is also used in contexts other than virtual memory systems for example, to describe cache issues in computing or silly window syndrome in networking. A worst case can be imagined on IBM System3. An execute instruction crossing a page boundary could point to a move instruction that also crosses a page boundary, which is set to move data from a source that crosses a page boundary to a target that crosses a page boundary. This single instruction references eight pages if not all are in RAM, it will cause a page fault. If the operating system could not allocate eight pages to this program, then remedying the page fault would discard another page the instruction needs, and any restart of the instruction would fault again.