Sndagsvisningar kl 14, fri entr till alla evenemang. Cigarrvgen 14, Hkarngen. Get information, facts, and pictures about Punishment at Encyclopedia. Make research projects and school reports about Punishment easy with credible articles from. Punishment facts, information, pictures Encyclopedia. Punishment. Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice. COPYRIGHT 2. 00. 2 The Gale Group Inc. Although punishment has been a crucial feature of every developed legal system, widespread disagreement exists over the moral principles that can justify its imposition. One fundamental question is why and whether the social institution of punishment is warranted. A second question concerns the necessary conditions for criminal liability and punishment in particular cases. A third relates to the form and severity of punishment that is appropriate for particular offenses and offenders. Debates about punishment are important in their own right, but they also raise more general problems about the proper standards for evaluating social practices. The main part of this theoretical overview of the subject of legal punishment concentrates on these issues of justification. That discussion is preceded by an analysis of the concept of punishment and is followed by a brief account of how theories for justifying punishment can relate to decisions about the substantive criminal law and criminal procedures. The concept of punishment. Punishment is not an exclusive province of the law. Rare Collectives Vol 3 Rat' title='Rare Collectives Vol 3 Rat' />Parents punish their children, and members of private associations punish their wayward fellows. Like most concepts, punishment has no rigid boundaries. License Agreement With Starbucks more. Rare Collectives Vol 3 Rat' title='Rare Collectives Vol 3 Rat' />No more missed important software updates UpdateStar 11 lets you stay up to date and secure with the software on your computer. Le botulisme du latin botulinus, boudin est une maladie paralytique rare mais grave, le plus souvent dorigine alimentaire, touchant les humains et les animaux. Gmail is email thats intuitive, efficient, and useful. GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. Get the latest Rolling Stone new music news, song and album reviews, free music downloads, artist videos pictures, playlists and more. Vol. 65159185 Volume publication date January 2014 First published online as a Review in Advance on August 5, 2013. Rare Collectives Vol 3 Rat' title='Rare Collectives Vol 3 Rat' />One useful way to understand its central aspects and uncertain borderlines is to identify the features of typical instances of punishment, and to inquire how far their absence would lead one to say that something other than punishment is taking place. Typical and atypical instances. In typical cases of punishment, persons who possess authority impose designedly unpleasant consequences upon, and express their condemnation of, other persons who are capable of choice and who have breached established standards of behavior. K0ptxwnow/hqdefault.jpg' alt='Rare Collectives Vol 3 Rat' title='Rare Collectives Vol 3 Rat' />Responsible agents. Punishment is a practice that is performed by, and directed at, agents who are responsible in some sense. God and humans can punish hurricanes cannot. People, but not faulty television sets, are fit subjects of punishment. A higher level of capacity is required to impose punishment than is minimally necessary to make one subject to it. To be subject to it, one need have only sufficient mental control over ones actions to refrain from disfavored behavior, a degree of control that quite small children and some animals possess. To punish, one must be able consciously to inflict harmful consequences because of a wrong that has been committed. Unpleasant consequences. Punishment involves designedly harmful consequences that most people would wish to avoid. Medical treatment and other forms of therapy may also be painful, but their unpleasantness is an unfortunate contingent fact pleasing or painless substitutes, if available, would be preferred. Unpleasantness is, on the other hand, part of the basic nature of punishment if the response to those who break rules was to give them something they wanted, such as more money, one would not consider the response to be punishment, even if the aim were to reduce future violations. Condemnation. The unpleasant consequences of punishment are usually preceded by a judgment of condemnation the subject of punishment is explicitly blamed for committing a wrong. The close link between punishment and condemnation is attenuated in some instances. When a teacher punishes an entire class because one child has been naughty, he may not be condemning the other members of the class. The teachers choice of collective punishment will reflect his belief either that the group as a whole is capable of constraining the actions of its members or that one student will hesitate to be the source of mischief for his classmates but the teacher need not suppose that all the other members of the class are actually partly responsible for the particular naughty act. A similar analysis applies to vicarious punishment. Punishing one person for the sins of another may serve a purpose even if the victim of punishment is not condemned for the specific wrong. For certain violations of law, condemnation may be wholly absent, except in the most formal sense. Some actions may be deemed antisocial and worth discouraging by unpleasant consequences even if no one really blames the persons who perform them. This is perhaps exemplified. American society now takes toward most parking violations. For a different reason, a reflective judgment of condemnation may be absent when very young children are punished. Parents may evince anger and impose simple penalties in the belief that this is the most effective way to teach acceptable behavior. They may thus treat their children as blameworthy, even though they doubt that the children are experienced enough actually to merit blame for performing the offending actions. Condemnation is not in itself usually considered punishment. If members of a society regarded a formal condemnation as extremely shameful, one might think of that as a possible punishment in itself rather than merely a complement of more substantial consequences this discussion will adopt the common assumption that punishment involves more than condemnation. Authority. Punishment is imposed by people who have authority to do soauthority conferred by legal rule, associational standard, or social morality. A father can punish his own small children, but he cannot punish a neighbors child unless the neighbor has given him power to do that. Only public officials can punish a thief for breaking the law. Authority may be conceived in a somewhat extended sense, whereby one can speak of a persons being punished by the community when his offensive behavior is met by the negative informal reactions of its members. Standards. Punishment ordinarily follows some breach of established rules of behavior the notion that people should have fair warning as to what behavior is punishable, and to what degree, is now an established principle of most legal systems. Yet, especially in informal family settings, people may be punished for doing things that they should have realized were wrong, even though they were not warned in advance about that specific sort of behavior. Even then, one can usually point to some relevant, more general standard that the children have been taught, such as taking care of family property, not harming brothers and sisters, and not disturbing parents. Many legal systems also contain some standards of misbehavior that are quite open ended. Much more extraordinary is punishment of persons for actions they had no reason to suppose were wrong at the time they committed them. Misperceptions. The assumption thus far has been that those who impose punishment, and the community at large, perceive circumstances as they really are. However, people may be woefully mistaken about critical facts. An innocent person may be punished because he is thought guilty, or all epileptics may be punished in the belief that having that disease evidences extreme moral fault. Misperceptions may also occur because of conscious manipulations by those aware of the actual facts. If officials successfully persuade others that a woman they know to be innocent is guilty, her condemnation and imprisonment will, in the public perception, constitute genuine punishment. Download Games Worm 3D. Whether the knowledgeable officials should regard this as an instance of unjust punishment or something else is debatable.