Political integration of India Wikipedia. British India and the princely states in 1. At the time of Indian independence in 1. Hindi Typing Tutor Download For Windows 7'>Hindi Typing Tutor Download For Windows 7. India was divided into two sets of territories, one under direct British rule, and the other under the suzerainty of the British Crown, with control over their internal affairs remaining in the hands of their hereditary rulers. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. The political integration of these territories into India was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress, and the Government of India pursued this over the next decade. Through a combination of factors, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon convinced the rulers of the various princely states to accede to India. Having secured their accession, they then proceeded, in a step by step process, to secure and extend the central governments authority over these states and transform their administrations until, by 1. British India and those that had been part of princely states. Simultaneously, the Government of India, through a combination of diplomatic and military means, acquired de facto and de jure control over the remaining colonial enclaves, which too were integrated into India. Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India, it was not as successful for a few, notably the former princely states of Jammu and Kashmir, Tripura and Manipur, where active secessionist movements exist. Princely states in IndiaeditThe early history of British expansion in India was characterised by the co existence of two approaches towards the existing princely states. The first was a policy of annexation, where the British sought to forcibly absorb the Indian princely states into the provinces which constituted their Empire in India. Sanskrit Tools Hyderabad Map SearchThe second was a policy of indirect rule, where the British assumed suzerainty and paramountcy over princely states, but conceded to them sovereignty and varying degrees of internal self government. During the early part of the 1. British tended towards annexation, but the Indian Rebellion of 1. In 1. 85. 8, the policy of annexation was formally renounced, and British relations with the remaining princely states thereafter were based on subsidiary alliances, whereby the British exercised paramountcy over all princely states, with the British crown as ultimate suzerain, but at the same time respected and protected them as allies, taking control of their external relations. The exact relations between the British and each princely state were regulated by individual treaties and varied widely, with some states having complete internal self government, others being subject to significant control in their internal affairs, and some rulers being in effect little more than the owners of landed estates, with little autonomy. During the 2. British made several attempts to integrate the princely states more closely with British India, in 1. Chamber of Princes as a consultative and advisory body,6 and in 1. Sanskrit Tools Hyderabad Map DilsukhnagarGovernment of India and the larger princely states, superseding political agents. A more ambitious aim was a scheme of federation contained in the Government of India Act 1. British India being united under a federal government. This scheme came close to success, but was abandoned in 1. Second World War. As a result, in the 1. British crown and the states. Neither paramountcy nor the subsidiary alliances could continue after Indian independence. Sanskrit Tools Hyderabad Map' title='Sanskrit Tools Hyderabad Map' />The British took the view that because they had been established directly between the British crown and the princely states, they could not be transferred to the newly independent dominions of India and Pakistan. At the same time, the alliances imposed obligations on Britain that it was not prepared to continue to carry out, such as the obligation to maintain troops in India for the defence of the princely states. The British government therefore decided that paramountcy, together with all treaties between them and the princely states, would come to an end upon the British departure from India. Reasons for integrationedit. The Saurashtra and Kathiawar regions of Gujarat were home to over two hundred princely states, many with non contiguous territories, as this map of Baroda shows. The termination of paramountcy would have in principle meant that all rights that flowed from the states relationship with the British crown would return to them, leaving them free to negotiate relationships with the new states of India and Pakistan on a basis of complete freedom. Early British plans for the transfer of power, such as the offer produced by the Cripps Mission, recognised the possibility that some princely states might choose to stand out of independent India. This was unacceptable to the Indian National Congress, which regarded the independence of princely states as a denial of the course of Indian history, and consequently regarded this scheme as a Balkanisation of India. The Congress had traditionally been less active in the princely states because of their limited resources which restricted their ability to organise there and their focus on the goal of independence from the British,1. Congress leaders, in particular Mohandas Gandhi,1. Indians to rule themselves. This changed in the 1. Government of India Act 1. Multidisciplinary scientific research reports, prepared during last three four decades by making use of such scientific tools and techniques, were used for dating. At the time of Indian independence in 1947, India was divided into two sets of territories, one under direct British rule, and the other under the suzerainty of the. Varanasi http once known as Benares or Banaras and Kashi, is a historical city in northern India. The city is sacred to Hindus and Jains and. Telangana t l n n listen is one of the 29 states in India, located in India. Formed on 2 June 2014 as the youngest state in India, from. Monthly online journal devoted to the study of the languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent. Congress leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan, and the Congress began to actively engage with popular political and labour activity in the princely states. By 1. 93. 9, the Congress official stance was that the states must enter independent India, on the same terms and with the same autonomy as the provinces of British India, and with their people granted responsible government. Sanskrit Tools Hyderabad Map' title='Sanskrit Tools Hyderabad Map' />As a result, it insisted on the incorporation of the princely states into India in its negotiations with British,2. British took the view that this was not in their power to grant. A few British leaders, particularly Lord Mountbatten, the last British viceroy of India, were also uncomfortable with breaking links between independent India and the princely states. The development of trade, commerce and communications during the 1. British India through a complex network of interests. Agreements relating to railways, customs, irrigation, use of ports, and other similar agreements would get terminated, posing a serious threat to the economic life of the subcontinent. Mountbatten was also persuaded by the argument of Indian officials such as V. P. Menon that the integration of the princely states into independent India would, to some extent, assuage the wounds of partition. Fanuc Cnc Lathe Programs. The result was that Mountbatten personally favoured and worked towards the accession of princely states to India following the transfer of power, as proposed by the Congress. Accepting integrationeditThe princes positioneditThe rulers of the princely states were not uniformly enthusiastic about integrating their domains into independent India. Some, such as the rulers of Bikaner and Jawhar, were motivated to join India out of ideological and patriotic considerations,2. India or Pakistan, to remain independent, or form a union of their own. Bhopal, Travancore and Hyderabad announced that they did not intend to join either dominion. Hyderabad went as far as to appoint trade representatives in European countries and commencing negotiations with the Portuguese to lease or buy Goa to give it access to the sea,2.